This guide provides examples of three common citation styles for use in the research papers you will be required to write throughout your college career. Your professors will let you know if they prefer that you use a particular style. If they do not, the following guidelines will help:

• APA style is used for papers dealing with psychology, education, and other social sciences.
• MLA style is used for papers dealing with literature, the arts, and the humanities.
• The Chicago Manual of Style is a well-known, highly-regarded style guide used in the publishing world.

Books, scholarly journals, popular magazines, newspapers, and websites are the most common research sources you will use for your papers and projects. If you need to cite other, less commonly-used sources—such as an interview, a pamphlet, or a television program—you can consult hard copies of the above style manuals. These are kept in the Reference area of the library. The style manuals can also provide you with information regarding formatting, documentation of sources, plagiarism, etc. If you need assistance in locating the style manuals, or have any questions regarding your research, please see a reference librarian.

APA Format    | MLA Format | The Chicago Manual of Style

APA Format

Journal or Magazine Article (Print)
(For journals in which each issue begins with page one)
Mori, R. (2002). Entrance examinations and remedial education in Japanese higher education. Higher Education , 43(1), 27-42.

(For journals using continuous pagination)
Wolcott, S., & Clark, G. (1999). Why nations fail: Managerial decisions and performance in Indian cotton textiles, 1890-1938. Journal of Economic History, 59, 397-423.

Journal or Magazine Article (retrieved from an online database)
Bettig, R. (2005). Censorship Inc.: The corporate threat to freedom of speech. Journal of Communication, 55 (1), 197. Retrieved August 23, 2005 from Academic Search Premier database.

Newspaper Article
Tierney, J. (2005, August 23). The $10,000 Question. New York Times, p. A17.

Book
Ellis, J. (2002). Founding brothers: The revolutionary generation. New York: Vintage Books.

Book Chapter or Article
Nader, N. (2000). The Spain that encountered Mexico. In M. C. Meyer & W. H. Beezley (Eds.), The Oxford history of Mexico (pp. 11-45). New York: Oxford University Press.

Encyclopedia Article
Powers, R.T. (2003). Military Service. In New Catholic encyclopedia
(Vol. 9, pp. 626-628). Detroit, MI: Thomson Gale.

Website
McCormick, M. (2005). Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) Metaphysics. Retrieved August 23, 2005, from The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy website: http://www.iep.utm.edu/k/kantmeta.htm#H1

Journal or Magazine Article (Print)
(For journals in which each issue begins with page one)
Sachs, Diana. “Ask a Librarian: Florida's Virtual Reference Service.” Community & Junior College Libraries 12.4 (2004): 58-67.

(For journals using continuous pagination)
MacPhee, Craig. “Economic Education and Government Reform in the Republic of Georgia.” Journal of Economic Education 32 (2001): 68-77.

Journal or Magazine Article (retrieved from an online database)
Cambridge, Matt. “The Centaur's Smile: The Human Animal in Early Greek Art.” Art Book 12.1 (2005). Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Phillips Memorial Library. Providence College. 26 Aug. 2005 < http://0-web26.epnet.com.helin.uri.edu/citation.asp?>

Newspaper Article
Burros, Marian. “Fresh Gets Invited to the Cool Table.” New York Times 24 Aug. 2005, late ed., F1.

Book
Ishiguro, Kazuo. Never Let Me Go. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005.

Book Chapter or Article
McAlister, Lyle N. “The Impact of Militarism on Latin American Society.” Cultural Factors in Inter-American Relations. Ed. Samuel Shapiro. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1968. 85-102.

Encyclopedia Article (signed)
Hunnefeld, F.J. “Deliberation and Morality.” New Catholic Encyclopedia. 2nd ed. 2003.

Encyclopedia Article (unsigned)
“Sweden” The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Micropaedia. 15th ed. 2003.

Website
Hillar, Marian. “Philo of Alexandria (20 B.C.E.-50 C.E.).” The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . 2005. 26 Aug. 2005 < http://www.iep.utm.edu/p/philo.htm>

  The Chicago Manual of Style

Journal Article (retrieved from an online database)
Mulhall, Stephen. 1998. A solemn combination of souls. Angelaki: Journal of the Theoretical Humanities 3, no.1: 153ff. http://0-web10.epnet.com.helin.uri.edu/search.asp?

Magazine Article
Taubin, Amy. 2005. Blurred exit. Sight & Sound, September.

Newspaper Article
Berman, Bradley. 2005. When your mileage doesn't match the window sticker. New York Times. July 31, Sec. 12.

Book
Levitt, Steven D., and Stephen J. Dubner. 2005. Freakonomics : a rogue economist explores the hidden side of everything. New York: William Morrow.

Book Chapter or Article
Hofstadter, Richard. 1964. The pseudo-conservative revolt. In The radical right, ed. Daniel Bell, 75-95. Garden City, New York: Doubleday.

Website
Moseley, Alexander. 2005. Political realism. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http://www.iep.utm.edu/p/polreal.htm (accessed August 26, 2005).

prepared by Edward O'Donnell
Reference Librarian
Fall 2005

Added to the library web site: 25 October 2005
Revised 15 April 2008